Urban health, environment, and inequalities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5712/rbmfc6(19)151Keywords:
Urban Health, Environment, Health InequalitiesAbstract
The psychosocial, economic, and physical environment where we were born, and now are growing, living, working, and reproducing affect health and longevity as much as do smoking, exercise, and diet. Individual attention to health is not enough to prevent or control the effects of bad environmental conditions. Historical and current evidence show that a decline in the health condition of the poorest is associated with rapid urbanization. Population aging in an urban environment of social inequalities is expected to make the health situation of the poorest even worse, resulting in more human suffering and economic losses for the country. Based on these observations, a group of professors from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) organized themselves, through an extension program, to contribute on the discussion and national initiatives of intervention in urban health. The group’s projects are comprised of: discussions about the potential impact of private initiatives and sector public policies (housing, sanitation, transportation, education, technological innovation, environmental sustainability, and so on) on urban health; the production and dissemination of information about social and environmental determinants of health; the production and dissemination of new indicators of inequality as determinants of health; human resources development; and the participation in social networks. The public presentation of this project satisfies the objective of initiating the group’s contribution to this discussion.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Unnatural causes – places matter.... is inequality making us sick? California Newsreel Production 2008. Public Engagement Campaign in Association with the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Health Policy Institute. [acesso em 2010 Abr 9]. Disponível em: http://www.unnaturalcauses.org/assets/uploads/file/UC_Transcript_5.pdf
Unnatural causes... is inequality making us sick? California Newsreel Production 2008. Public Engagement Campaign in Association with the Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Health Policy Institute. [acesso em 2010 Abr 9]. Disponível em: http://www.pbs.org/unnaturalcauses/about_the_series.htm.
Achutti A. A partir do coração. Jornal Zero Hora. 2010; 16417.
Friedli L. Mental health, resilience and inequalities. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, 2009. [acesso em 2010 Aug 03]. Disponível em: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0012/100821/E92227.pdf.
McEwen BS. Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1998; 840: 33-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09546.x
Marmot M. The status syndrome: how social standing affects our health and longevity. London: Henry Holt and Co.; 2005.
Wilkinson R. Unhealthy societies. New York: Routledge; 1997.
Macinko J, Starfield B. The Utility of Social Capital in Research on Health Determinants. Milb Quart. 2001; 79: 387-427. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.00213
Krieger N, Alegría M, Almeida-Filho N, Barbosa da Silva J, Barreto ML, Beckfield J et al. Who, and what, causes health inequities? Reflections on emerging debates from an exploratory Latin American/North American workshop. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2010; 64(9): 747-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.106906
Levins R, Lopez C. Towards an ecosocial view of health. Int J Health Serv. 1999; 29: 261-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2190/WLVK-D0RR-KVBV-A1DH
Slavicha GM, Way BM, Eisenberger NI, Taylor SE. Neural sensitivity to social rejection is associated with inflammatory responses to social stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010; 107(33): 14817-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1009164107
Johnson S. Emergência. A vida integrada de formigas, cérebros, cidades e softwares. Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar; 2003.
Szreter S. The population health approach in historical perspective. Am J Public Health. 2003; 93: 421-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.3.421
Szreter S. Industrialization and health. Br Med Bull. 2004; 69: 75-86. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldh005
Cairnes J. Matters of life and death: perspectives on public health, molecular biology, cancer and the prospects for the human race. New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 1997.
Susser E, Bresnahan M. Origins of epidemiology. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001; 954: 6-18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02743.x
Hemenway D. Why we don’t spend enough on Public Health. New Engl J Med. 2010;362;18. [acesso em 2010 Apr 9]. Disponível em: http://healthcarereform.nejm.org/?p=3400&query=TOC. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1001784
Rocha RM. A ocupação e o processo de urbanização sem planejamento no eixo rodoviário do complexo territorial Brasília–Goiânia. Brasília: Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo – Programa de Pós Graduação; 2006. p. 3.
Snow SJ. Commentary: Sutherland, Snow and water: the transmission of cholera in the nineteenth century. Int J Epidemiol. 2002; 31(5): 908-11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/31.5.908
Bassanesi SL, Azambuja MI, Achutti AC. Mortalidade precoce por doenças cardiovasculares e desigualdades sociais em Porto Alegre: da evidência à ação. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008; 90: 403-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2008000600004
de Souza MF, Alencar AP, Malta DC, Moura L, Mansur AP. Serial temporal analysis of ischemic heart disease and stroke death risk in five regions of Brazil from 1981 to 2001. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006; 87: 735-40.
Ishitani LH, Franco GC, Perpétuo IH, França E. Desigualdade social e mortalidade precoce por doenças cardiovasculares no Brasil. Rev Saúde Pública. 2006; 40: 684-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89102006000500019
Azambuja MIR, Bassanesi SL, Achutti AC. A mortalidade por doenças respiratórias em Porto Alegre é maior em áreas da cidade com piores indicadores sociais. Bol Saúde. 2009; 23: 31-9.
Acosta LMW. O mapa de Porto Alegre e a tuberculose: distribuição espacial e determinantes sociais. Dissertação de Mestrado. PPG Epidemiologia – UFRGS; 2008.
Bassanesi SL, Azambuja MI, Achutti AC. Life-expectancy and Social Inequalities across Porto Alegre city districts. In: XVIII IEA World Congress of Epidemiology and VII Brazilian Congress of Epidemiology, 2008, Porto Alegre. Annals XVIII IEA World Congress of Epidemiology; 2008.
Alves JED, Vasconcelos DS, Carvalho AA. Estrutura etária, bônus demográfico e população economicamente ativa no Brasil: cenários de longo prazo e suas implicações para o mercado de trabalho. Texto para Discussão Cepal Ipea. 2010; 10: 1-36.
Leeder S, Raymond S, Greenberg H, Liu H. A race against time: the challenge of cardiovascular disease in developing economies. The Earth Institute: Columbia University; New York; 2004. Disponível em: http://www.earth.columbia.edu/news/2004/images/raceagainsttime_FINAL_0410404.pdf.
Azambuja MI, Foppa M, Maranhão MFC, Achutti AC. Economic burden of severe cardiovascular diseases in Brazil: an estimate based on secondary data. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2008; 91: 148-55.
Achutti AC, Azambuja MI. Doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis no Brasil: repercussões do modelo de atenção à saúde sobre a seguridade social. Cienc Saúde Col. 2004; 9: 833-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-81232004000400002
Víctora C, Barros F. Infant mortality due to perinatal causes in Brazil: trends, regional patterns and possible interventions. São Paulo Med J. 2001; 119: 33-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-31802001000100009
Buss PM, Pellegrini Filho A. A saúde e seus determinantes sociais. Physis. 2007;(1). [acesso em 2010 Aug 4]. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-73312007000100006&lng=en&nrm=iso. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73312007000100006
Comissão Nacional dos Determinantes Sociais da Saúde (CNDSS). Carta aberta aos candidatos à Presidência da República. Setembro de 2006. [acesso em 2010 Aug 03]. Disponível em: www.determinantes.fiocruz.br.
Fleury S. “Saúde Urbana e Cidadania”, Divulgação em Saúde para Debate: Revista do Centro Brasileiro de Estudos de Saúde. CEBES. 2007;40:29-40.
W. Brian Arthur. Complexity and the Economy. Science. 1999;284:107-9. [acesso em 2010 Apr 8]. Disponível em: http://www.ifi.uzh.ch/groups/ailab/people/nitschke/refs/Complexity-Economy.pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5411.107
Ruhl JB. The Fitness of Law: Using Complexity Theory to Describe the Evolution of Law and Society and Its Practical Meaning for Democracy, 49 Vand. L. Rev. 1407 (1996). [acesso em 2009 Apr 8]. Disponível em: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1353428.
Schwartz G, Trindade AFR, Gloeckner AMEJ. Autopoiese e constituição. Os limites da hierarquia e as possibilidades da circularidade. Passo Fundo, RS: UPF; 2005.
Kurakin A. Order without design. Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling. 2010; 7: 12. [acesso em 2009 Apr 8]. Disponível em: http://www.tbiomed.com/content/pdf/1742-4682-7-12.pdf. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4682-7-12
Almeida-Filho N, Coutinho D. Causalidade, contingência, complexidade: o futuro do conceito de risco. Physis [online]. 2007; 17(1). [acesso em 2010 Maio 7]. pp. 95-137. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/physis/v17n1/v17n1a07.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-73312007000100007
Jayasinghe S. Conceptualising population health: from mechanistic thinking to complexity science. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2011; 8: 2. Disponível em: http://www.ete-online.com/content/8/1/2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-7622-8-2
Nobrega M. O subdesenvolvimento não se improvisa. Veja 2009; 2129 / 9 de setembro de 2009. Disponível em: http://veja.abril.com.br/090909/subdesenvolvimento-nao-improvisa-p-133.shtml
Seabra O, Carvalho M, Leite JC. Território e Sociedade. Entrevista com Milton Santos. São Paulo: Fundação Perseu Abramo; 2006.
Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Atenção à Saúde. Política Nacional de Atenção Básica. 4ª ed. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2007.
ABES. Dia Mundial da Saúde. Mesa redonda discute a saúde da população. Jornal da ABES. 2010; 1(7). Porto Alegre. Disponível em: http://www.abes-rs.org.br/jornal/jornal_da_abes-rs_a1n7_red.pdf DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7968.2009v1n23p53
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
By submitting a manuscript to the RBMFC, authors retain ownership of the copyright in the article, and authorize RBMFC to publish that manuscript under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license and identify itself as the vehicle of its original publication.
