Lagunas en la Enseñanza de Cuidados Paliativos en Programas de Residencia Médica: Una Revisión Integrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5712/rbmfc21(48)4592Palabras clave:
Educación médica, Cuidados paliativos, Residencia médica, Competencia clínicaResumen
Introducción: La práctica de los cuidados paliativos se ha vuelto esencial para la atención integral del paciente, impulsada por el aumento de la longevidad y, consecuentemente, por el número creciente de enfermedades crónicas potencialmente amenazantes para la vida. A pesar de esta creciente necesidad de manejar pacientes al final de la vida, muchos médicos residentes se sienten inseguros sobre la indicación de cuidados paliativos para sus pacientes, así como sobre los cuidados que deben brindarse a ellos y a sus familias. Esto se debe a que la enseñanza de cuidados paliativos en la formación de grado y en los programas de residencia, tanto en Brasil como a nivel mundial, sigue siendo escasa e insuficiente para promover el desarrollo adecuado de competencias relacionadas con el tema.Objetivo: Identificar las principales lagunas de aprendizaje en cuidados paliativos que requieren ser mejoradas durante la residencia médica. Métodos: Revisión integrativa de la literatura, abarcando artículos publicados entre 2018 y 2023 en las plataformas PubMed, BVS, Scielo y Lilacs, utilizando los siguientes descriptores: “medical residency”, “medical internship”, “palliative care”, “palliative medicine”, “clinical skills”, “clinical competency”, “clinical competencies”, “learning”, “education”. Los artículos fueron resumidos según el tipo de estudio, año de publicación, objetivos, métodos y resultados, siendo todos analizados críticamente. Resultados: La búsqueda identificó 371 artículos, de los cuales 27 fueron seleccionados conforme a los criterios de elegibilidad aplicados. La competencia más mencionada como deficiente en las especialidades médicas fue la comunicación entre médicos y familiares y/o entre profesionales, seguida por el manejo del dolor y de otros síntomas. Conclusiones: La investigación evidencia la insuficiencia en la enseñanza de cuidados paliativos en los programas de residencia médica, destacando la urgente necesidad de integrar herramientas educativas fundamentales para mejorar las competencias de los médicos en formación.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Bruno Limaverde Vilar Lobo, José Roberto da Silva Junior, Matheus Martins de Sousa Dias, Zilda do Rego Cavalcanti, Maria Júlia Gonçalves de Mello
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